Array ( [0] => 14709657 [id] => 14709657 [1] => cswiki [site] => cswiki [2] => Gudžarátština [uri] => Gudžarátština [3] => [img] => [4] => [day_avg] => [5] => [day_diff] => [6] => [day_last] => [7] => [day_prev_last] => [8] => [oai] => [9] => [is_good] => [10] => [object_type] => [11] => 0 [has_content] => 0 [12] => [oai_cs_optimisticky] => ) Array ( [0] => {{Infobox - jazyk [1] => | název = Gudžarátština
ગુજરાતી
Gujarātī [2] => | rozšíření = [[Indie]], [[Tanzanie]], [[Uganda]], [[Pákistán]], [[Keňa]] [3] => | mluvčích = 46 000 000 [4] => | klasifikace = * [[Indoevropské jazyky]] [5] => ** [[Indoíránské jazyky]] [6] => *** [[Indoárijské jazyky]] [7] => **** [[Severozápadní indoárijské jazyky|Severozápadní]] [8] => ***** Gudžarátština [9] => | písmo = [[Gudžarátské písmo]] [10] => | úřední jazyk = [[Indie]] ([[Gudžarát]]) [11] => | regulátor = [12] => | ISO6391 = gu [13] => | ISO6392B = guj [14] => | ISO6392T = guj [15] => | ISO6393 = guj [16] => | SIL = [17] => | wikipedie = [[:gu:મુખપૃષ્ઠ|gu.wikipedia.org]] [18] => | mapa rozšíření = Idioma guyaratí.png [19] => }} [20] => '''Gudžarátština''' (gudžarátsky ગુજરાતી, ''Gujarātī)'' je [[indoárijské jazyky|indoárijský jazyk]] [[indoevropské jazyky|indoevropské jazykové rodiny]]. Podle každoročně vydávané knihy ''Ethnologue: Languages ​​of the World'' byla gudžarátština v roce 2020 28. nejrozšířenější jazyk na Zemi co do počtu rodilých mluvčích. [21] => [22] => == Popis == [23] => Je jedním z 22 [[úřední jazyk|úředních]] a 14 [[regionální jazyk|regionálních]] [[Jazyky Indie|jazyků Indie]] a jedním z menšinových jazyků v sousedním [[Pákistán]]u. Celosvětově jej používá přibližně 46 milionů mluvčích, jde tedy o 28. nejpoužívanější jazyk světa. Ze zmíněného počtu žije 45,5 milionů mluvčích v Indii, 250 000 v [[Tanzanie|Tanzanii]], 150 000 v [[Uganda|Ugandě]], 50 000 v [[Keňa|Keni]] a asi 100 000 v [[Pákistán]]u. Je hlavním jazykem indického svazového státu [[Gudžarát]] a sousedního svazového teritoria [[Dádra a Nagar Havélí a Daman a Díu]]. [24] => [25] => Je také jazykem velké gudžarátské komunity v Mumbaí ([[Bombaj]]i). Významný počet mluvčích žije též v [[Severní Amerika|Severní Americe]] a [[Spojené království|Spojeném království]]. [26] => [27] => Gudžarátština byla mateřským jazykem „otce Indie“ [[Mahátma Gándhí|Mahátmy Gándhího]], „otce Pákistánu“ [[Muhammad Alí Džinnáh|Muhammada Alího Džinnáha]], indického premiéra [[Naréndra Módí|Naréndry Modího]] nebo „železného muže“ [[Sardár Vallabhbháí Patél|Sardára Vallabhbháího Patéla]]. [28] => [29] => == Písmo == [30] => [31] => === Souhlásky === [32] => Gudžatarátština používá celkem 36 znaků značících různé souhlásky. V prvním řádku je vždy znak, poté jeho transliterace a následně výslovnost. [33] => {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" [34] => |+ [35] => | colspan="3" | [36] => |Veláry [37] => |Palatály [38] => |Retroflexy [39] => |Dentály [40] => |Labiodentály [41] => |Gutturály [42] => | [43] => | [44] => |- [45] => | rowspan="12" |[[Plozivní souhláska|Plozívy]] [46] => | rowspan="6" |Nepřízvučné [47] => | rowspan="3" |Bez přídechu [48] => |'''ક''' [49] => |'''ચ''' [50] => |'''ટ''' [51] => |'''ત''' [52] => |'''પ''' [53] => | [54] => | [55] => | [56] => |- [57] => |ka [58] => |cha [59] => |Ta [60] => |ta [61] => |pa [62] => | [63] => | [64] => | [65] => |- [66] => |{{IPA|kə}} [67] => |{{IPA|tʃə}} [68] => |{{IPA|ʈə}} [69] => |{{IPA|t̪ə}} [70] => |{{IPA|pə}} [71] => | [72] => | [73] => | [74] => |- [75] => | rowspan="3" |[[Přídech]] [76] => |'''ખ''' [77] => |'''છ''' [78] => |'''ઠ''' [79] => |'''થ''' [80] => |'''ફ''' [81] => | [82] => | [83] => | [84] => |- [85] => |kha [86] => |chha [87] => |Tha [88] => |tha [89] => |pha [90] => | [91] => | [92] => | [93] => |- [94] => |{{IPA|kʰə}} [95] => |{{IPA|tʃʰə}} [96] => |{{IPA|ʈʰə}} [97] => |{{IPA|t̪ʰə}} [98] => |{{IPA|pʰə}} [99] => | [100] => | [101] => | [102] => |- [103] => | rowspan="6" |[[Přízvuk|Přízvučné]] [104] => | rowspan="3" |Bez přídechu [105] => |'''ગ''' [106] => |'''જ''' [107] => |'''ડ''' [108] => |'''દ''' [109] => |'''બ''' [110] => | [111] => | [112] => | [113] => |- [114] => |ga [115] => |ja [116] => |Da [117] => |da [118] => |ba [119] => | [120] => | [121] => | [122] => |- [123] => |{{IPA|ɡə}} [124] => |{{IPA|dʒə}} [125] => |{{IPA|ɖə}} [126] => |{{IPA|d̪ə}} [127] => |{{IPA|bə}} [128] => | [129] => | [130] => | [131] => |- [132] => | rowspan="3" |[[Přídech]] [133] => |'''ઘ''' [134] => |'''ઝ''' [135] => |'''ઢ''' [136] => |'''ધ''' [137] => |'''ભ''' [138] => | [139] => | [140] => | [141] => |- [142] => |gha [143] => |jha [144] => |Dha [145] => |dha [146] => |bha [147] => | [148] => | [149] => | [150] => |- [151] => |{{IPA|ɡʱə}} [152] => |{{IPA|dʒʱə}} [153] => |{{IPA|ɖʱə}} [154] => |{{IPA|d̪ʱə}} [155] => |{{IPA|bʱə}} [156] => | [157] => | [158] => | [159] => |- [160] => | colspan="2" rowspan="12" | [161] => | rowspan="3" |[[Nazální souhláska|Nazály]] [162] => |'''ઙ''' [163] => |'''ઞ''' [164] => |'''ણ''' [165] => |'''ન''' [166] => |'''મ''' [167] => | [168] => | [169] => | [170] => |- [171] => |ṅa [172] => |ña [173] => |ṇa(hna) [174] => |na [175] => |ma [176] => | [177] => | [178] => | [179] => |- [180] => |{{IPA|ŋə}} [181] => |{{IPA|ɲə}} [182] => |{{IPA|ɳə}} [183] => |{{IPA|nə}} [184] => |{{IPA|mə}} [185] => | [186] => | [187] => | [188] => |- [189] => | rowspan="3" |[[Sonora (lingvistika)|Sonory]] [190] => | [191] => |'''ય''' [192] => |'''ર''' [193] => |'''લ''' [194] => |'''વ''' [195] => | [196] => | [197] => | [198] => |- [199] => | [200] => |ya [201] => |ra [202] => |la [203] => |va [204] => | [205] => | [206] => | [207] => |- [208] => | [209] => |{{IPA|jə}} [210] => |{{IPA|ɾə}} [211] => |{{IPA|lə}} [212] => |{{IPA|ʋə}} [213] => | [214] => | [215] => | [216] => |- [217] => | rowspan="3" |[[Sykavka|Sibilanty]] [218] => | [219] => |'''શ''' [220] => |'''ષ''' [221] => |'''સ''' [222] => | [223] => | [224] => | [225] => | [226] => |- [227] => | [228] => |śa [229] => |ṣa [230] => |sa [231] => | [232] => | [233] => | [234] => | [235] => |- [236] => | [237] => |{{IPA|ʃə}} [238] => |{{IPA|ʂə}} [239] => |{{IPA|sə}} [240] => | [241] => | [242] => | [243] => | [244] => |- [245] => | rowspan="3" | [246] => | [247] => | [248] => |'''ળ''' [249] => | [250] => | [251] => |'''હ''' [252] => |'''ક્ષ''' [253] => |'''જ્ઞ''' [254] => |- [255] => | [256] => | [257] => |ḷa [258] => | [259] => | [260] => |ha [261] => |kṣa [262] => |gña [263] => |- [264] => | [265] => | [266] => |{{IPA|ɭə}} [267] => | [268] => | [269] => |{{IPA|ɦə}} [270] => |{{IPA|kʂə}} [271] => |{{IPA|gñə}} [272] => |} [273] => [274] => === Souhláskové spojky === [275] => Pokud vedle sebe stojí dvě souhlásky, zapíší se tzv. spojkou. [276] => {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" align="center" style="font-size:12pt" [277] => ! [278] => !ક [279] => !ખ [280] => !ગ [281] => !ઘ [282] => !ઙ [283] => !ચ [284] => !છ [285] => !જ [286] => !ઝ [287] => !ઞ [288] => !ટ [289] => !ઠ [290] => !ડ [291] => !ઢ [292] => !ણ [293] => !ત [294] => !થ [295] => !દ [296] => !ધ [297] => !ન [298] => !પ [299] => !ફ [300] => !બ [301] => !ભ [302] => !મ [303] => !ય [304] => !ર [305] => !લ [306] => !ળ [307] => !વ [308] => !શ [309] => !ષ [310] => !સ [311] => !હ [312] => |- [313] => !ક [314] => |ક્ક [315] => |ક્ખ [316] => |ક્ગ [317] => |ક્ઘ [318] => |ક્ઙ [319] => |ક્ચ [320] => |ક્છ [321] => |ક્જ [322] => |ક્ઝ [323] => |ક્ઞ [324] => |ક્ટ [325] => |ક્ઠ [326] => |ક્ડ [327] => |ક્ઢ [328] => |ક્ણ [329] => |ક્ત [330] => |ક્થ [331] => |ક્દ [332] => |ક્ધ [333] => |ક્ન [334] => |ક્પ [335] => |ક્ફ [336] => |ક્બ [337] => |ક્ભ [338] => |ક્મ [339] => |ક્ય [340] => |ક્ર [341] => |ક્લ [342] => |ક્ળ [343] => |ક્વ [344] => |ક્શ [345] => |ક્ષ [346] => |ક્સ [347] => |ક્હ [348] => |- [349] => !ખ [350] => |ખ્ક [351] => |ખ્ખ [352] => |ખ્ગ [353] => |ખ્ઘ [354] => |ખ્ઙ [355] => |ખ્ચ [356] => |ખ્છ [357] => |ખ્જ [358] => |ખ્ઝ [359] => |ખ્ઞ [360] => |ખ્ટ [361] => |ખ્ઠ [362] => |ખ્ડ [363] => |ખ્ઢ [364] => |ખ્ણ [365] => |ખ્ત [366] => |ખ્થ [367] => |ખ્દ [368] => |ખ્ધ [369] => |ખ્ન [370] => |ખ્પ [371] => |ખ્ફ [372] => |ખ્બ [373] => |ખ્ભ [374] => |ખ્મ [375] => |ખ્ય [376] => |ખ્ર [377] => |ખ્લ [378] => |ખ્ળ [379] => |ખ્વ [380] => |ખ્શ [381] => |ખ્ષ [382] => |ખ્સ [383] => | [384] => |- [385] => !ગ [386] => |ગ્ક [387] => |ગ્ખ [388] => |ગ્ગ [389] => |ગ્ઘ [390] => |ગ્ઙ [391] => |ગ્ચ [392] => |ગ્છ [393] => |ગ્જ [394] => |ગ્ઝ [395] => |ગ્ઞ [396] => |ગ્ટ [397] => |ગ્ઠ [398] => |ગ્ડ [399] => |ગ્ઢ [400] => |ગ્ણ [401] => |ગ્ત [402] => |ગ્થ [403] => |ગ્દ [404] => |ગ્ધ [405] => |ગ્ન [406] => |ગ્પ [407] => |ગ્ફ [408] => |ગ્બ [409] => |ગ્ભ [410] => |ગ્મ [411] => |ગ્ય [412] => |ગ્ર [413] => |ગ્લ [414] => |ગ્ળ [415] => |ગ્વ [416] => |ગ્શ [417] => |ગ્ષ [418] => | [419] => | [420] => |- [421] => !ઘ [422] => |ઘ્ક [423] => |ઘ્ખ [424] => |ઘ્ગ [425] => |ઘ્ઘ [426] => |ઘ્ઙ [427] => |ઘ્ચ [428] => |ઘ્છ [429] => |ઘ્જ [430] => |ઘ્ઝ [431] => |ઘ્ઞ [432] => |ઘ્ટ [433] => |ઘ્ઠ [434] => |ઘ્ડ [435] => |ઘ્ઢ [436] => |ઘ્ણ [437] => |ઘ્ત [438] => |ઘ્થ [439] => |ઘ્દ [440] => |ઘ્ધ [441] => |ઘ્ન [442] => |ઘ્પ [443] => |ઘ્ફ [444] => |ઘ્બ [445] => |ઘ્ભ [446] => |ઘ્મ [447] => |ઘ્ય [448] => |ઘ્ર [449] => |ઘ્લ [450] => |ઘ્ળ [451] => |ઘ્વ [452] => |ઘ્શ [453] => | [454] => | [455] => | [456] => |- [457] => !ઙ [458] => |ઙ્ક [459] => |ઙ્ખ [460] => |ઙ્ગ [461] => |ઙ્ઘ [462] => |ઙ્ઙ [463] => |ઙ્ચ [464] => |ઙ્છ [465] => |ઙ્જ [466] => |ઙ્ઝ [467] => |ઙ્ઞ [468] => |ઙ્ટ [469] => |ઙ્ઠ [470] => |ઙ્ડ [471] => |ઙ્ઢ [472] => |ઙ્ણ [473] => |ઙ્ત [474] => |ઙ્થ [475] => |ઙ્દ [476] => |ઙ્ધ [477] => |ઙ્ન [478] => |ઙ્પ [479] => |ઙ્ફ [480] => |ઙ્બ [481] => |ઙ્ભ [482] => |ઙ્મ [483] => |ઙ્ય [484] => |ઙ્ર [485] => |ઙ્લ [486] => |ઙ્ળ [487] => |ઙ્વ [488] => | [489] => | [490] => | [491] => | [492] => |- [493] => !ચ [494] => |ચ્ક [495] => |ચ્ખ [496] => |ચ્ગ [497] => |ચ્ઘ [498] => |ચ્ઙ [499] => |ચ્ચ [500] => |ચ્છ [501] => |ચ્જ [502] => |ચ્ઝ [503] => |ચ્ઞ [504] => |ચ્ટ [505] => |ચ્ઠ [506] => |ચ્ડ [507] => |ચ્ઢ [508] => |ચ્ણ [509] => |ચ્ત [510] => |ચ્થ [511] => |ચ્દ [512] => |ચ્ધ [513] => |ચ્ન [514] => |ચ્પ [515] => |ચ્ફ [516] => |ચ્બ [517] => |ચ્ભ [518] => |ચ્મ [519] => |ચ્ય [520] => |ચ્ર [521] => |ચ્લ [522] => |ચ્ળ [523] => | [524] => | [525] => | [526] => | [527] => | [528] => |- [529] => !છ [530] => |છ્ક [531] => |છ્ખ [532] => |છ્ગ [533] => |છ્ઘ [534] => |છ્ઙ [535] => |છ્ચ [536] => |છ્છ [537] => |છ્જ [538] => |છ્ઝ [539] => |છ્ઞ [540] => |છ્ટ [541] => |છ્ઠ [542] => |છ્ડ [543] => |છ્ઢ [544] => |છ્ણ [545] => |છ્ત [546] => |છ્થ [547] => |છ્દ [548] => |છ્ધ [549] => |છ્ન [550] => |છ્પ [551] => |છ્ફ [552] => |છ્બ [553] => |છ્ભ [554] => |છ્મ [555] => |છ્ય [556] => |છ્ર [557] => |છ્લ [558] => | [559] => | [560] => | [561] => | [562] => | [563] => | [564] => |- [565] => !જ [566] => |જ્ક [567] => |જ્ખ [568] => |જ્ગ [569] => |જ્ઘ [570] => |જ્ઙ [571] => |જ્ચ [572] => |જ્છ [573] => |જ્જ [574] => |જ્ઝ [575] => |જ્ઞ [576] => |જ્ટ [577] => |જ્ઠ [578] => |જ્ડ [579] => |જ્ઢ [580] => |જ્ણ [581] => |જ્ત [582] => |જ્થ [583] => |જ્દ [584] => |જ્ધ [585] => |જ્ન [586] => |જ્પ [587] => |જ્ફ [588] => |જ્બ [589] => |જ્ભ [590] => |જ્મ [591] => |જ્ય [592] => |જ્ર [593] => | [594] => | [595] => | [596] => | [597] => | [598] => | [599] => | [600] => |- [601] => !ઝ [602] => |ઝ્ક [603] => |ઝ્ખ [604] => |ઝ્ગ [605] => |ઝ્ઘ [606] => |ઝ્ઙ [607] => |ઝ્ચ [608] => |ઝ્છ [609] => |ઝ્જ [610] => |ઝ્ઝ [611] => |ઝ્ઞ [612] => |ઝ્ટ [613] => |ઝ્ઠ [614] => |ઝ્ડ [615] => |ઝ્ઢ [616] => |ઝ્ણ [617] => |ઝ્ત [618] => |ઝ્થ [619] => |ઝ્દ [620] => |ઝ્ધ [621] => |ઝ્ન [622] => |ઝ્પ [623] => |ઝ્ફ [624] => |ઝ્બ [625] => |ઝ્ભ [626] => |ઝ્મ [627] => |ઝ્ય [628] => | [629] => | [630] => | [631] => | [632] => | [633] => | [634] => | [635] => | [636] => |- [637] => !ઞ [638] => |ઞ્ક [639] => |ઞ્ખ [640] => |ઞ્ગ [641] => |ઞ્ઘ [642] => |ઞ્ઙ [643] => |ઞ્ચ [644] => |ઞ્છ [645] => |ઞ્જ [646] => |ઞ્ઝ [647] => |ઞ્ઞ [648] => |ઞ્ટ [649] => |ઞ્ઠ [650] => |ઞ્ડ [651] => |ઞ્ઢ [652] => |ઞ્ણ [653] => |ઞ્ત [654] => |ઞ્થ [655] => |ઞ્દ [656] => |ઞ્ધ [657] => |ઞ્ન [658] => |ઞ્પ [659] => |ઞ્ફ [660] => |ઞ્બ [661] => |ઞ્ભ [662] => |ઞ્મ [663] => | [664] => | [665] => | [666] => | [667] => | [668] => | [669] => | [670] => | [671] => | [672] => |- [673] => !ટ [674] => |ટ્ક [675] => |ટ્ખ [676] => |ટ્ગ [677] => |ટ્ઘ [678] => |ટ્ઙ [679] => |ટ્ચ [680] => |ટ્છ [681] => |ટ્જ [682] => |ટ્ઝ [683] => |ટ્ઞ [684] => |ટ્ટ [685] => |ટ્ઠ [686] => |ટ્ડ [687] => |ટ્ઢ [688] => |ટ્ણ [689] => |ટ્ત [690] => |ટ્થ [691] => |ટ્દ [692] => |ટ્ધ [693] => |ટ્ન [694] => |ટ્પ [695] => |ટ્ફ [696] => |ટ્બ [697] => |ટ્ભ [698] => | [699] => | [700] => | [701] => | [702] => | [703] => | [704] => | [705] => | [706] => | [707] => | [708] => |- [709] => !ઠ [710] => |ઠ્ક [711] => |ઠ્ખ [712] => |ઠ્ગ [713] => |ઠ્ઘ [714] => |ઠ્ઙ [715] => |ઠ્ચ [716] => |ઠ્છ [717] => |ઠ્જ [718] => |ઠ્ઝ [719] => |ઠ્ઞ [720] => |ઠ્ટ [721] => |ઠ્ઠ [722] => |ઠ્ડ [723] => |ઠ્ઢ [724] => |ઠ્ણ [725] => |ઠ્ત [726] => |ઠ્થ [727] => |ઠ્દ [728] => |ઠ્ધ [729] => |ઠ્ન [730] => |ઠ્પ [731] => |ઠ્ફ [732] => |ઠ્બ [733] => | [734] => | [735] => | [736] => | [737] => | [738] => | [739] => | [740] => | [741] => | [742] => | [743] => | [744] => |- [745] => !ડ [746] => |ડ્ક [747] => |ડ્ખ [748] => |ડ્ગ [749] => |ડ્ઘ [750] => |ડ્ઙ [751] => |ડ્ચ [752] => |ડ્છ [753] => |ડ્જ [754] => |ડ્ઝ [755] => |ડ્ઞ [756] => |ડ્ટ [757] => |ડ્ઠ [758] => |ડ્ડ [759] => |ડ્ઢ [760] => |ડ્ણ [761] => |ડ્ત [762] => |ડ્થ [763] => |ડ્દ [764] => |ડ્ધ [765] => |ડ્ન [766] => |ડ્પ [767] => |ડ્ફ [768] => | [769] => | [770] => | [771] => | [772] => | [773] => | [774] => | [775] => | [776] => | [777] => | [778] => | [779] => | [780] => |- [781] => !ઢ [782] => |ઢ્ક [783] => |ઢ્ખ [784] => |ઢ્ગ [785] => |ઢ્ઘ [786] => |ઢ્ઙ [787] => |ઢ્ચ [788] => |ઢ્છ [789] => |ઢ્જ [790] => |ઢ્ઝ [791] => |ઢ્ઞ [792] => |ઢ્ટ [793] => |ઢ્ઠ [794] => |ઢ્ડ [795] => |ઢ્ઢ [796] => |ઢ્ણ [797] => |ઢ્ત [798] => |ઢ્થ [799] => |ઢ્દ [800] => |ઢ્ધ [801] => |ઢ્ન [802] => |ઢ્પ [803] => | [804] => | [805] => | [806] => | [807] => | [808] => | [809] => | [810] => | [811] => | [812] => | [813] => | [814] => | [815] => | [816] => |- [817] => !ણ [818] => |ણ્ક [819] => |ણ્ખ [820] => |ણ્ગ [821] => |ણ્ઘ [822] => |ણ્ઙ [823] => |ણ્ચ [824] => |ણ્છ [825] => |ણ્જ [826] => |ણ્ઝ [827] => |ણ્ઞ [828] => |ણ્ટ [829] => |ણ્ઠ [830] => |ણ્ડ [831] => |ણ્ઢ [832] => |ણ્ણ [833] => |ણ્ત [834] => |ણ્થ [835] => |ણ્દ [836] => |ણ્ધ [837] => |ણ્ન [838] => | [839] => | [840] => | [841] => | [842] => | [843] => | [844] => | [845] => | [846] => | [847] => | [848] => | [849] => | [850] => | [851] => | [852] => |- [853] => !ત [854] => |ત્ક [855] => |ત્ખ [856] => |ત્ગ [857] => |ત્ઘ [858] => |ત્ઙ [859] => |ત્ચ [860] => |ત્છ [861] => |ત્જ [862] => |ત્ઝ [863] => |ત્ઞ [864] => |ત્ટ [865] => |ત્ઠ [866] => |ત્ડ [867] => |ત્ઢ [868] => |ત્ણ [869] => |ત્ત [870] => |ત્થ [871] => |ત્દ [872] => |ત્ધ [873] => | [874] => | [875] => | [876] => | [877] => | [878] => | [879] => | [880] => | [881] => | [882] => | [883] => | [884] => | [885] => | [886] => | [887] => | [888] => |- [889] => !થ [890] => |થ્ક [891] => |થ્ખ [892] => |થ્ગ [893] => |થ્ઘ [894] => |થ્ઙ [895] => |થ્ચ [896] => |થ્છ [897] => |થ્જ [898] => |થ્ઝ [899] => |થ્ઞ [900] => |થ્ટ [901] => |થ્ઠ [902] => |થ્ડ [903] => |થ્ઢ [904] => |થ્ણ [905] => |થ્ત [906] => |થ્થ [907] => |થ્દ [908] => | [909] => | [910] => | [911] => | [912] => | [913] => | [914] => | [915] => | [916] => | [917] => | [918] => | [919] => | [920] => | [921] => | [922] => | [923] => | [924] => |- [925] => !દ [926] => |દ્ક [927] => |દ્ખ [928] => |દ્ગ [929] => |દ્ઘ [930] => |દ્ઙ [931] => |દ્ચ [932] => |દ્છ [933] => |દ્જ [934] => |દ્ઝ [935] => |દ્ઞ [936] => |દ્ટ [937] => |દ્ઠ [938] => |દ્ડ [939] => |દ્ઢ [940] => |દ્ણ [941] => |દ્ત [942] => |દ્થ [943] => | [944] => | [945] => | [946] => | [947] => | [948] => | [949] => | [950] => | [951] => | [952] => | [953] => | [954] => | [955] => | [956] => | [957] => | [958] => | [959] => | [960] => |- [961] => !ધ [962] => |ધ્ક [963] => |ધ્ખ [964] => |ધ્ગ [965] => |ધ્ઘ [966] => |ધ્ઙ [967] => |ધ્ચ [968] => |ધ્છ [969] => |ધ્જ [970] => |ધ્ઝ [971] => |ધ્ઞ [972] => |ધ્ટ [973] => |ધ્ઠ [974] => |ધ્ડ [975] => |ધ્ઢ [976] => |ધ્ણ [977] => |ધ્ત [978] => | [979] => | [980] => | [981] => | [982] => | [983] => | [984] => | [985] => | [986] => | [987] => | [988] => | [989] => | [990] => | [991] => | [992] => | [993] => | [994] => | [995] => | [996] => |- [997] => !ન [998] => |ન્ક [999] => |ન્ખ [1000] => |ન્ગ [1001] => |ન્ઘ [1002] => |ન્ઙ [1003] => |ન્ચ [1004] => |ન્છ [1005] => |ન્જ [1006] => |ન્ઝ [1007] => |ન્ઞ [1008] => |ન્ટ [1009] => |ન્ઠ [1010] => |ન્ડ [1011] => |ન્ઢ [1012] => |ન્ણ [1013] => | [1014] => | [1015] => | [1016] => | [1017] => | [1018] => | [1019] => | [1020] => | [1021] => | [1022] => | [1023] => | [1024] => | [1025] => | [1026] => | [1027] => | [1028] => | [1029] => | [1030] => | [1031] => | [1032] => |- [1033] => !પ [1034] => |પ્ક [1035] => |પ્ખ [1036] => |પ્ગ [1037] => |પ્ઘ [1038] => |પ્ઙ [1039] => |પ્ચ [1040] => |પ્છ [1041] => |પ્જ [1042] => |પ્ઝ [1043] => |પ્ઞ [1044] => |પ્ટ [1045] => |પ્ઠ [1046] => |પ્ડ [1047] => |પ્ઢ [1048] => | [1049] => | [1050] => | [1051] => | [1052] => | [1053] => | [1054] => | [1055] => | [1056] => | [1057] => | [1058] => | [1059] => | [1060] => | [1061] => | [1062] => | [1063] => | [1064] => | [1065] => | [1066] => | [1067] => | [1068] => |- [1069] => !ફ [1070] => |ફ્ક [1071] => |ફ્ખ [1072] => |ફ્ગ [1073] => |ફ્ઘ [1074] => |ફ્ઙ [1075] => |ફ્ચ [1076] => |ફ્છ [1077] => |ફ્જ [1078] => |ફ્ઝ [1079] => |ફ્ઞ [1080] => |ફ્ટ [1081] => |ફ્ઠ [1082] => | [1083] => | [1084] => | [1085] => | [1086] => | [1087] => | [1088] => | [1089] => | [1090] => | [1091] => | [1092] => | [1093] => | [1094] => | [1095] => | [1096] => | [1097] => | [1098] => | [1099] => | [1100] => | [1101] => | [1102] => | [1103] => | [1104] => |- [1105] => !બ [1106] => |બ્ક [1107] => |બ્ખ [1108] => |બ્ગ [1109] => |બ્ઘ [1110] => |બ્ઙ [1111] => |બ્ચ [1112] => |બ્છ [1113] => |બ્જ [1114] => |બ્ઝ [1115] => |બ્ઞ [1116] => |બ્ટ [1117] => | [1118] => | [1119] => | [1120] => | [1121] => | [1122] => | [1123] => | [1124] => | [1125] => | [1126] => | [1127] => | [1128] => | [1129] => | [1130] => | [1131] => | [1132] => | [1133] => | [1134] => | [1135] => | [1136] => | [1137] => | [1138] => | [1139] => | [1140] => |- [1141] => !ભ [1142] => |ભ્ક [1143] => |ભ્ખ [1144] => |ભ્ગ [1145] => |ભ્ઘ [1146] => |ભ્ઙ [1147] => |ભ્ચ [1148] => |ભ્છ [1149] => |ભ્જ [1150] => |ભ્ઝ [1151] => |ભ્ઞ [1152] => | [1153] => | [1154] => | [1155] => | [1156] => | [1157] => | [1158] => | [1159] => | [1160] => | [1161] => | [1162] => | [1163] => | [1164] => | [1165] => | [1166] => | [1167] => | [1168] => | [1169] => | [1170] => | [1171] => | [1172] => | [1173] => | [1174] => | [1175] => | [1176] => |- [1177] => !મ [1178] => |મ્ક [1179] => |મ્ખ [1180] => |મ્ગ [1181] => |મ્ઘ [1182] => |મ્ઙ [1183] => |મ્ચ [1184] => |મ્છ [1185] => |મ્જ [1186] => |મ્ઝ [1187] => | [1188] => | [1189] => | [1190] => | [1191] => | [1192] => | [1193] => | [1194] => | [1195] => | [1196] => | [1197] => | [1198] => | [1199] => | [1200] => | [1201] => | [1202] => | [1203] => | [1204] => | [1205] => | [1206] => | [1207] => | [1208] => | [1209] => | [1210] => | [1211] => | [1212] => |- [1213] => !ય [1214] => |ય્ક [1215] => |ય્ખ [1216] => |ય્ગ [1217] => |ય્ઘ [1218] => |ય્ઙ [1219] => |ય્ચ [1220] => |ય્છ [1221] => |ય્જ [1222] => | [1223] => | [1224] => | [1225] => | [1226] => | [1227] => | [1228] => | [1229] => | [1230] => | [1231] => | [1232] => | [1233] => | [1234] => | [1235] => | [1236] => | [1237] => | [1238] => | [1239] => | [1240] => | [1241] => | [1242] => | [1243] => | [1244] => | [1245] => | [1246] => | [1247] => | [1248] => |- [1249] => !ર [1250] => |ર્ક [1251] => |ર્ખ [1252] => |ર્ગ [1253] => |ર્ઘ [1254] => |ર્ઙ [1255] => |ર્ચ [1256] => |ર્છ [1257] => | [1258] => | [1259] => | [1260] => | [1261] => | [1262] => | [1263] => | [1264] => | [1265] => | [1266] => | [1267] => | [1268] => | [1269] => | [1270] => | [1271] => | [1272] => | [1273] => | [1274] => | [1275] => | [1276] => | [1277] => | [1278] => | [1279] => | [1280] => | [1281] => | [1282] => | [1283] => | [1284] => |- [1285] => !લ [1286] => |લ્ક [1287] => |લ્ખ [1288] => |લ્ગ [1289] => |લ્ઘ [1290] => |લ્ઙ [1291] => |લ્ચ [1292] => | [1293] => | [1294] => | [1295] => | [1296] => | [1297] => | [1298] => | [1299] => | [1300] => | [1301] => | [1302] => | [1303] => | [1304] => | [1305] => | [1306] => | [1307] => | [1308] => | [1309] => | [1310] => | [1311] => | [1312] => | [1313] => | [1314] => | [1315] => | [1316] => | [1317] => | [1318] => | [1319] => | [1320] => |- [1321] => !ળ [1322] => |ળ્ક [1323] => |ળ્ખ [1324] => |ળ્ગ [1325] => |ળ્ઘ [1326] => |ળ્ઙ [1327] => | [1328] => | [1329] => | [1330] => | [1331] => | [1332] => | [1333] => | [1334] => | [1335] => | [1336] => | [1337] => | [1338] => | [1339] => | [1340] => | [1341] => | [1342] => | [1343] => | [1344] => | [1345] => | [1346] => | [1347] => | [1348] => | [1349] => | [1350] => | [1351] => | [1352] => | [1353] => | [1354] => | [1355] => | [1356] => |- [1357] => !વ [1358] => |વ્ક [1359] => |વ્ખ [1360] => |વ્ગ [1361] => |વ્ઘ [1362] => | [1363] => | [1364] => | [1365] => | [1366] => | [1367] => | [1368] => | [1369] => | [1370] => | [1371] => | [1372] => | [1373] => | [1374] => | [1375] => | [1376] => | [1377] => | [1378] => | [1379] => | [1380] => | [1381] => | [1382] => | [1383] => | [1384] => | [1385] => | [1386] => | [1387] => | [1388] => | [1389] => | [1390] => | [1391] => | [1392] => |- [1393] => !શ [1394] => |શ્ક [1395] => |શ્ખ [1396] => |શ્ગ [1397] => | [1398] => | [1399] => | [1400] => | [1401] => | [1402] => | [1403] => | [1404] => | [1405] => | [1406] => | [1407] => | [1408] => | [1409] => | [1410] => | [1411] => | [1412] => | [1413] => | [1414] => | [1415] => | [1416] => | [1417] => | [1418] => | [1419] => | [1420] => | [1421] => | [1422] => | [1423] => | [1424] => | [1425] => | [1426] => | [1427] => | [1428] => |- [1429] => !ષ [1430] => |ષ્ક [1431] => |ષ્ખ [1432] => | [1433] => | [1434] => | [1435] => | [1436] => | [1437] => | [1438] => | [1439] => | [1440] => | [1441] => | [1442] => | [1443] => | [1444] => | [1445] => | [1446] => | [1447] => | [1448] => | [1449] => | [1450] => | [1451] => | [1452] => | [1453] => | [1454] => | [1455] => | [1456] => | [1457] => | [1458] => | [1459] => | [1460] => | [1461] => | [1462] => | [1463] => | [1464] => |- [1465] => !સ [1466] => |સ્ક [1467] => | [1468] => | [1469] => | [1470] => | [1471] => | [1472] => | [1473] => | [1474] => | [1475] => | [1476] => | [1477] => | [1478] => | [1479] => | [1480] => | [1481] => | [1482] => | [1483] => | [1484] => | [1485] => | [1486] => | [1487] => | [1488] => | [1489] => | [1490] => | [1491] => | [1492] => | [1493] => | [1494] => | [1495] => | [1496] => | [1497] => | [1498] => | [1499] => | [1500] => |- [1501] => !હ [1502] => | [1503] => | [1504] => | [1505] => | [1506] => | [1507] => | [1508] => | [1509] => | [1510] => | [1511] => | [1512] => | [1513] => | [1514] => | [1515] => | [1516] => | [1517] => | [1518] => | [1519] => | [1520] => | [1521] => | [1522] => | [1523] => | [1524] => | [1525] => | [1526] => | [1527] => | [1528] => | [1529] => | [1530] => | [1531] => | [1532] => | [1533] => | [1534] => | [1535] => | [1536] => |} [1537] => [1538] => === Samohlásky === [1539] => Gudžaratátština používá celkem 15 samohlásek. [1540] => {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" [1541] => |+ [1542] => !Samostatně [1543] => !Se souhláskou [1544] => !Se souhláskou ભ [1545] => ![[:en:Romanization|Rom.]] [1546] => ![[:en:Help:IPA|IPA]] [1547] => !Jméno saohlásky [1548] => |- [1549] => |અ [1550] => | [1551] => |ભ [1552] => |a [1553] => |{{IPA|ə}} [1554] => | [1555] => |- [1556] => |આ [1557] => |ા [1558] => |ભા [1559] => |ā [1560] => |{{IPA|ɑ̈}} [1561] => |''kāno'' [1562] => |- [1563] => |ઇ [1564] => |િ [1565] => |ભિ [1566] => |i [1567] => | rowspan="2" |i [1568] => |''hrasva-ajju'' [1569] => |- [1570] => |ઈ [1571] => |ી [1572] => |ભી [1573] => |ī [1574] => |''dīrgha-ajju'' [1575] => |- [1576] => |ઉ [1577] => |ુ [1578] => |ભુ [1579] => |u [1580] => | rowspan="2" |{{IPA|u}} [1581] => |''hrasva-varaṛũ'' [1582] => |- [1583] => |ઊ [1584] => |ૂ [1585] => |ભૂ [1586] => |ū [1587] => |''dīrgha-varaṛũ'' [1588] => |- [1589] => |એ [1590] => |ે [1591] => |ભે [1592] => | colspan="2" |{{IPA|e, ɛ}} [1593] => |''ek mātra'' [1594] => |- [1595] => |ઐ [1596] => |ૈ [1597] => |ભૈ [1598] => |ai [1599] => |{{IPA|əj}} [1600] => |''be mātra'' [1601] => |- [1602] => |ઓ [1603] => |ો [1604] => |ભો [1605] => | colspan="2" |{{IPA|o, ɔ}} [1606] => |''kāno ek mātra'' [1607] => |- [1608] => |ઔ [1609] => |ૌ [1610] => |ભૌ [1611] => |au [1612] => |{{IPA|əʋ}} [1613] => |''kāno be mātra'' [1614] => |- [1615] => |અં [1616] => |ં [1617] => |ભં [1618] => |ṁ [1619] => |{{IPA|ä}} [1620] => |''anusvār'' [1621] => |- [1622] => |અ: [1623] => |ઃ [1624] => |ભઃ [1625] => |ḥ [1626] => |ɨ [1627] => |''visarga'' [1628] => |- [1629] => |ઋ [1630] => |ૃ [1631] => |ભૃ [1632] => |r̥ [1633] => |{{IPA|ɾu}} [1634] => | [1635] => |- [1636] => |ઍ [1637] => |ૅ [1638] => |ભૅ [1639] => |â [1640] => |{{IPA|æ}} [1641] => | [1642] => |- [1643] => |ઑ [1644] => |ૉ [1645] => |ભૉ [1646] => |ô [1647] => |{{IPA|ɔ}} [1648] => | [1649] => |} [1650] => [1651] => === Nesamohláskové znaky === [1652] => V gudžarátštině se používají ještě tři samohláskové znaky, které se přidávají k jednotlivým písmenům. [1653] => {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" [1654] => |+ [1655] => !Znak [1656] => !Jméno [1657] => !Funkce [1658] => |- [1659] => |ં [1660] => |anusvāra [1661] => |Představuje nosovou samohlásku [1662] => |- [1663] => |ઃ [1664] => |visarga [1665] => |Němý, zřídka používaný sanskrtský pozůstatek, který původně představoval [h]. Transliterováno jako ḥ [1666] => |- [1667] => |્ [1668] => |virāma [1669] => |Vyškrtává ze souhlásky ''a'' [1670] => |} [1671] => [1672] => === Čísla === [1673] => Gudžarátština používá i vlastní čísla. [1674] => {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" [1675] => |+ [1676] => !Arabské číslice [1677] => !Gudžarátština [1678] => !Jméno [1679] => |- [1680] => !0 [1681] => |૦ [1682] => |''mīṇḍu'' nebo ''shunya'' [1683] => |- [1684] => !1 [1685] => |૧ [1686] => |''ekado'' nebo ''ek'' [1687] => |- [1688] => !2 [1689] => |૨ [1690] => |''bagado'' nebo ''bay'' [1691] => |- [1692] => !3 [1693] => |૩ [1694] => |''tragado'' nebo ''tran'' [1695] => |- [1696] => !4 [1697] => |૪ [1698] => |''chogado'' nebo ''chaar'' [1699] => |- [1700] => !5 [1701] => |૫ [1702] => |''pāchado'' nebo ''paanch'' [1703] => |- [1704] => !6 [1705] => |૬ [1706] => |''chagado'' nebo ''chah'' [1707] => |- [1708] => !7 [1709] => |૭ [1710] => |''sātado'' nebo ''sāt'' [1711] => |- [1712] => !8 [1713] => |૮ [1714] => |''āṭhado'' nebo ''āanth'' [1715] => |- [1716] => !9 [1717] => |૯ [1718] => |''navado'' nebo ''nav'' [1719] => |} [1720] => [1721] => == Dialekty == [1722] => V rámci dialektů gudžarátštiny se především odlišuje nadregionální mluva náboženské komunity [[Pársové|pársíů]]. [1723] => Následující členění se zakládá na klasifikaci dle [[Ethnologue]].https://www.ethnologue.com/19/language/guj/ [1724] => [1725] => * Pársí gudžarátí: zmíněná [[Varieta (lingvistika)|varieta]], jíž hovoří příslušníci [[zoroastriánství|zoroastriánské]] menšiny, zvaní [[Pársové|pársí]] (podle Persie). V této významně distinktivní varietě se projevuje velký vliv [[avestština|avestštiny]] (jazyka zoroastriánské [[liturgie]] a posvátných písem) na slovní zásobu. [1726] => [1727] => * Standardní gudžarátština: původní mluva oblasti zvané [[Sauráštra]], která zahrnuje celý Káthijávárský poloostrov až po okres Suréndranagar, včetně jej. Ta se stala jakýmsi standardem gudžarátštiny v novinách, školství a úřadech. [1728] => Sem patří také mumbaiská (bombajská) gudžarátština. [1729] => [1730] => Regionální nářečí jsou: [1731] => [1732] => * Gamadia: užívaná především v [[Ahmadábád]]u a okolních oblastech. Sem patří i dialekty východního Bharuče, Pátanu, Suratu, [[Vadodará|Vadódary]], dialekt grámja. [1733] => [1734] => * Káthijávarské dialekty: mluva oblasti [[Káthijávárský poloostrov|Káthijáváru]] (mezi subdialekty patří např. bhávnagarí a sórathí). [1735] => [1736] => [[kačhština|Kačhský jazyk]], jímž se mluví v oblasti [[Kačský poloostrov|Kaččh]], se běžně považuje za dialekt gudžarátštiny, ale podle většiny jazykovědců má blíž k [[sindhština|sindhštině]]. [1737] => [1738] => V oblastech, kde [[Gudžarátci]] žijí v diaspoře, jako je svahilsky mluvící pobřeží [[Východní Afrika|východní Afriky]], charakterizují místní gudžarátštinu lexikální výpůjčky ze [[Svahilština|svahilštiny]].{{Citation |last=Ogilvie |first=Sarah |editor=Keith Brown |encyclopedia=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World |year=2009 |publisher=Elsevier |location=Amsterdam, Netherlands |isbn=9780080877754 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC&pg=PA469#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World}} [1739] => [1740] => == Příklady == [1741] => [1742] => === Číslovky === [1743] => {| cellspacing="7" [1744] => |- [1745] => | '''Číslice''' || '''Gudžarátsky''' || '''Transliterace''' || '''Česky''' [1746] => |- [1747] => | ૧ || એક || ek || jeden [1748] => |- [1749] => | ૨ || બે || be || dva [1750] => |- [1751] => | ૩ || ત્રણ || traṇ || tři [1752] => |- [1753] => | ૪ || ચાર || chār || čtyři [1754] => |- [1755] => | ૫ || પાંચ || pāṅch || pět [1756] => |- [1757] => | ૬ || છ || chha || šest [1758] => |- [1759] => | ૭ || સાત || sāt || sedm [1760] => |- [1761] => | ૮ || આઠ || āṭh || osm [1762] => |- [1763] => | ૯ || નવ || nav || devět [1764] => |- [1765] => | ૧૦ || દસ || das || deset [1766] => |} [1767] => [1768] => == Vzorový text == [1769] => {{Vzorový text [1770] => |VDLP=ano [1771] => |Komentář= [1772] => |Jazyk 1=gudžarátsky [1773] => |Text 1=પ્રતિષ્ઠા અને અધિકારોની દૃષ્ટિએ સર્વ માનવો જન્મથી સવતંત્ર અને સમાન હોય છે. તેમનામાં વિચારશકતિ અને અંતઃકરણ હોય છે અને તેમણે પરસ્પર બંધુત્વની ભાવનાથી વર્તવું જોઇએ. [1774] => |Jazyk 2=transkripce [1775] => |Text 2=Pratiṣṭhā anē adikhārōnī dr̥ṣṭinē sarvē mānavō janmathī svatantra anē samān hōy chē. Tēmanāmāṁ vicārśakti anē antaḥkaraṇ hōy chē anē tēmaṇē paraspar bandhutvanī vartavuṁ jōiē. [1776] => }} [1777] => [1778] => == Reference == [1779] => [1780] => [1781] => == Externí odkazy == [1782] => {{InterWiki|code=gu|Gudžarátská}} [1783] => * {{Commonscat}} [1784] => * {{NK ČR|ph429626|gudžarátština}} [1785] => [1786] => {{Pahýl}} [1787] => {{Indoíránské jazyky}} [1788] => {{Autoritní data}} [1789] => {{Portály|Indie|Jazyk|}} [1790] => [1791] => [[Kategorie:Severozápadní indoárijské jazyky]] [1792] => [[Kategorie:Jazyky Indie]] [1793] => [[Kategorie:Jazyky Keni]] [1794] => [[Kategorie:Jazyky Pákistánu]] [1795] => [[Kategorie:Jazyky Tanzanie]] [1796] => [[Kategorie:Jazyky Ugandy]] [1797] => [[Kategorie:Indoíránské jazyky]] [] => )
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Gudžarátština

Gudžarátština (gudžarátsky ગુજરાતી, Gujarātī) je indoárijský jazyk indoevropské jazykové rodiny. Podle každoročně vydávané knihy Ethnologue: Languages ​​of the World byla gudžarátština v roce 2020 28.

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