Array ( [0] => 14739601 [id] => 14739601 [1] => cswiki [site] => cswiki [2] => Mandžusko [uri] => Mandžusko [3] => [img] => [4] => [day_avg] => [5] => [day_diff] => [6] => [day_last] => [7] => [day_prev_last] => [8] => [oai] => [9] => [is_good] => [10] => [object_type] => [11] => 0 [has_content] => 0 [12] => [oai_cs_optimisticky] => ) Array ( [0] => [[Soubor:Manchuria.png|280px|náhled|Historická mapa Mandžuska (červeně), Ruska (růžově), Japonska, Koreje a Mongolska]] [1] => '''Mandžusko''' (česky dříve častěji ''Mančurie'' či ''Mandžursko'', zjednodušená [[čínština]] {{cj|zh|满洲}}, tradiční čínština: {{cj|zh|滿洲}}, [[pchin-jin]] ''Mǎnzhōu'', {{vjazyce2|en|''Manchuria''}}, {{vjazyce2|ja|満州}}) je historická oblast na severovýchodě [[Čína|Číny]], případně i v přilehlé části [[Rusko|Ruska]], o rozloze kolem 1,5 milionu km². Na severu je ohraničeno subarktickou [[Tajga|tajgou]] a na západě nehostinnou [[Poušť Gobi|pouští Gobi]]. Na východě ho omývá [[Japonské moře]] a na jihu hraničí s [[Korea|Koreou]]. Klima je [[monzun]]ové [[kontinentální podnebí|kontinentální]]. [2] => [3] => V rámci členění dnešní [[Čína|Čínské lidové republiky]] Mandžusko odpovídá [[Severovýchodní Čína|Severovýchodní Číně]] a název „Mandžusko“ se používá jen zřídka, pro své negativní konotace s [[Mandžukuo|japonskou okupací]]. [4] => [5] => Nejvyšší horou Mandžuska je [[Pektusan]] (současně i nejvyšší hora [[Severní Korea|Severní Koreje]]). Mandžusku se věnuje film ''[[Poslední císař]]''. [6] => [7] => == Dějiny == [8] => Do [[10. století]] se v Mandžusku střetávali [[Číňané]] a [[Korejci]], poté bylo ovládáno [[Kitani|Kitany]], [[Džürčeni|Džürčeny]] a [[Mongolové|Mongoly]]. Začátkem 15. století si Mandžusko na několik desetiletí podrobila čínská [[dynastie Ming]]. Koncem [[16. století]] sjednotil [[Nurhači]] místní džürčenské [[kmen (sociologie)|kmeny]]. Tak vznikli [[Mandžuové]], kteří propůjčili Mandžusku své jméno. Nurhačiho potomci založili mandžuskou [[dynastie Čching|dynastii Čching]], která do roku [[1911]] vládla Číně. Koncem března 1918 cestoval Mandžuskou drahou přes Mandžusko do korejského Pusanu [[Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk]] na své cestě z [[Ruská republika|Ruska]] do Ameriky. PRECLÍK, Vratislav. ''Masaryk a legie'', váz. kniha, 219 str., vydalo nakladatelství Paris Karviná ve spolupráci s Masarykovým demokratickým hnutím, 2019, {{ISBN|978-80-87173-47-3}}, s. 37–45, 70–76, 101–120 V letech [[1932]]–[[1945]] bylo území (čínského) Mandžuska okupováno [[Japonské císařství|Japonskem]] a následně do roku [[1946]] [[Sovětský svaz|Sovětským svazem]]. [9] => [10] => == Odkazy == [11] => [12] => === Reference === [13] => [14] => [15] => === Literatura === [16] => * {{cite book|title=White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian |first= Jamie |last=Bisher|year=2006|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/?id=28iPAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=1135765960|access-date=24 April 2014}} [17] => * {{cite book|title=The Making of a Chinese City: History and Historiography in Harbin|first=Søren|last=Clausen|others=Contributor: Stig Thøgersen|edition=illustrated|year=1995|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|url=https://books.google.com/?id=RpIvpEjlEJQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=1563244764|access-date=10 March 2014| ref = }} [18] => * {{cite book|title=A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology|first=Pamela Kyle|last=Crossley|year=1999|publisher=University of California Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Wn4iv_RJv8oC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0520928849|access-date=10 March 2014| ref = }} [19] => * {{citation |last=Douglas |first=Robert Kennaway |author-link=Robert Kennaway Douglas |contribution=[[:s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Manchuria|Manchuria]] |title=[[:s:Encyclopædia Britannica|Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |edition=[[:s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica|11th]] |volume=[[:s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 17 LORD CHAMBERLAIN to MECKLENBURG|Vol. XVII]] |date=1911 |ref={{harvid|''EB''|1911}} |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica |location=New York }}. [20] => * {{cite book|title=Chinas religionen ...|first=Rudolf|last=Dvořák|volume=Volume 12; Volume 15 of Darstellungen aus dem Gebiete der nichtchristlichen Religionsgeschichte|edition=illustrated|year=1895|publisher=Aschendorff (Druck und Verlag der Aschendorffschen Buchhandlung)|url=https://books.google.com/?id=TmhtAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0199792054|access-date=10 March 2014| ref = }} [21] => * {{cite journal|jstor=2658945 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20161217200852/http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/elliott/files/elliott_jas_limits_of_tartary_0.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2016 |url=http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/elliott/files/elliott_jas_limits_of_tartary_0.pdf |access-date=17 December 2016 |doi=10.2307/2658945 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |title=The Limits of Tartary: Manchuria in Imperial and National Geographies |last=Elliott |first=Mark C. |volume=59 |number=3 |date=August 2000 |pages=603–646 |publisher=Association for Asian Studies }} [22] => * Elliott, Mark C. "The Limits of Tartary: Manchuria in Imperial and National Geographies." ''Journal of Asian Studies'' 59, no. 3 (2000): 603–46. [23] => * {{cite book|title= A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581–1990 |first= James|last=Forsyth|edition=illustrated, reprint, revised|year=1994|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=nzhq85nPrdsC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0521477719|access-date=24 April 2014}} [24] => * Gamsa, Mark, "Manchuria: A Concise History", Bloomsbury Academic, 2020. [25] => * {{cite thesis |last= Garcia |first= Chad D. |date= 2012 |title= Horsemen from the Edge of Empire: The Rise of the Jurchen Coalition |url= https://dlib.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/bitstream/handle/1773/20679/Garcia_washington_0250E_10365.pdf?sequence=1 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140911002021/https://dlib.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/bitstream/handle/1773/20679/Garcia_washington_0250E_10365.pdf?sequence=1 |url-status= dead |archive-date= 2014-09-11 |publisher= University of Washington |pages= 1–315 |type= A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy |access-date= 6 September 2014 }} [26] => * {{cite book|title=China and the Manchus|first=Herbert A.|last=Giles|year=1912|publisher=(Cambridge: at the University Press) (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons)|url=https://books.google.com/?id=yCqMneCHMJ4C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|access-date=31 January 2014}} [27] => * Hata, Ikuhiro. "Continental Expansion: 1905–1941". In ''The Cambridge History of Japan''. Vol. 6. Cambridge University Press. 1988. [28] => * {{cite book|title=Handwörterbuch der Mandschusprache|first=Erich|last=Hauer|editor-first=Oliver|editor-last=Corff|volume=Volume 12; Volume 15 of Darstellungen aus dem Gebiete der nichtchristlichen Religionsgeschichte|edition=illustrated|year=2007|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|url=https://books.google.com/?id=NESwGW_5uLoC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=978-3447055284|access-date=10 March 2014| ref = }} [29] => * HEJNÝ, Rudolf (na deskách i na titulním listě uvedeno matoucí Konsul J. Hejný). ''Dnešní Mandžusko''. Praha: Orientální ústav v Praze, 1935. II a 68 s. Přednášky Orientálního ústavu v Praze. Serie hospodářská. 11-12. [30] => * Jones, Francis Clifford, ''Manchuria Since 1931'', London, Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1949 [31] => * {{cite journal |last= KANG |first= Hyeokhweon |editor-last= Shiau |editor-first= Jeffrey |title= Big Heads and Buddhist Demons:The Korean Military Revolution and Northern Expeditions of 1654 and 1658 |url= http://history.emory.edu/home/assets/documents/endeavors/volume4/Kang.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140115010819/http://history.emory.edu/home/assets/documents/endeavors/volume4/Kang.pdf |archive-date= 15 January 2014 |journal= Emory Endeavors in World History |volume= 4: Transnational Encounters in Asia |edition= 2013 |pages= 1–22 |access-date= 10 March 2014 |url-status= dead |titul= Archivovaná kopie |datum přístupu= 2021-06-20 |url archivu= https://web.archive.org/web/20140115010819/http://history.emory.edu/home/assets/documents/endeavors/volume4/Kang.pdf |datum archivace= 2014-01-15 |nedostupné= ano }} [32] => * {{cite journal|last=Kim 金|first=Loretta E. 由美|date=2012–2013|title=Saints for Shamans? Culture, Religion and Borderland Politics in Amuria from the Seventeenth to Nineteenth Centuries|journal=Central Asiatic Journal|publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag|volume= 56|pages=169–202|jstor=10.13173/centasiaj.56.2013.0169}} [33] => * Kwong, Chi Man. ''War and Geopolitics in Interwar Manchuria'' (2017). [34] => * {{cite journal|doi=10.2307/535718|jstor=535718|title=Wulakai Tales from Manchuria|last=Lattimore|first=Owen|date=Jul–Sep 1933|volume= 46|number=181|journal=The Journal of American Folklore|pages=272–286|publisher=American Folklore Society}} [35] => * {{cite book|title=Chang Tso-lin in Northeast China, 1911–1928: China, Japan, and the Manchurian Idea|first=Gavan|last=McCormack|edition=illustrated|year=1977|publisher=Stanford University Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=GoSrAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0804709459|access-date=10 March 2014| ref = }} [36] => * Masafumi, Asada. "The China-Russia-Japan Military Balance in Manchuria, 1906–1918." ''Modern Asian Studies'' 44.6 (2010): 1283–1311. [37] => * Nish, Ian. ''The History of Manchuria, 1840-1948: A Sino-Russo-Japanese Triangle'' (2016) [38] => * {{cite book|title=American Diplomacy Concerning Manchuria|first=Chao-ying|last=Pʻan|year=1938|publisher=The Catholic University of America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AC6tAAAAMAAJ|access-date=10 March 2014| ref = }} [39] => * {{cite book|title=Tumen Jalafun Jecen Akū Manchu Studies in Honour of Giovanni Stary|editor1-first=Alessandra|editor1-last=Pozzi |editor2-first=Juha Antero |editor2-last=Janhunen|editor3-first=Michael|editor3-last=Weiers|others=Contributor: Giovanni Stary |volume=Volume 20 of Tunguso Sibirica|year=2006|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=344705378X|url=https://books.google.com/?id=LbmP_1KIQ_8C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|access-date=1 April 2013| ref = {{harvid|Pozzi|2006}} }} [40] => * {{cite journal|jstor=3985584|title=Land Use and Society in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia during the Qing Dynasty|last=Reardon-Anderson|first=James|date=October 2000|volume= 5|number=4|journal=Environmental History|pages=503–530|publisher=Forest History Society and American Society for Environmental History|doi=10.2307/3985584}} [41] => * {{cite book|title=Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928|first=Edward J. M.|last=Rhoads|year=2011|publisher=University of Washington Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=tgq1miGno-4C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=978-0295804125|access-date=10 March 2014| ref = }} [42] => * {{cite journal |last= Scharping |first= Thomas |date= 1998 |title= Minorities, Majorities and National Expansion: The History and Politics of Population Development in Manchuria 1610–1993 |url= http://www.phil-fak.uni-koeln.de/fileadmin/chinastudien/papers/No_1998-1.pdf |journal=Cologne China Studies Online – Working Papers on Chinese Politics, Economy and Society (Kölner China-Studien Online – Arbeitspapiere zu Politik, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft Chinas) |publisher=Modern China Studies, Chair for Politics, Economy and Society of Modern China, at the University of Cologne |issue= 1 |access-date=14 August 2014}} [43] => * Tamanoi, Mariko Asano. ''Crossed Histories: Manchuria in the Age of Empire'' (2005) [44] => * {{cite book|title=Japan at the Millennium: Joining Past and Future|first=Bill|last=Sewell|editor-first=David W.|editor-last=Edgington|edition=illustrated|year=2003|publisher=UBC Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=El9Lj_EKzBAC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0774808993|access-date=10 March 2014| ref = }} [45] => * {{cite book|title=Intoxicating Manchuria: Alcohol, Opium, and Culture in China's Northeast|series=Contemporary Chinese Studies Series|first=Norman|last=Smith|edition=illustrated|year=2012|publisher=UBC Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=2pjbx91hb_gC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=978-0774824316|access-date=10 March 2014| ref = }} [46] => * {{cite book|title= The Russian Far East: A History |first= John J. |last=Stephan|edition=illustrated, reprint|year=1996|publisher=Stanford University Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Jce4rBWjG5wC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0804727015|access-date=24 April 2014}} [47] => * {{cite journal|jstor=2658656|doi=10.2307/2658656|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|title=Knowledge, Power, and Racial Classification: The "Japanese" in "Manchuria"|last=Tamanoi|first=Mariko Asano|volume= 59|number=2|date=May 2000|pages=248–276|publisher=Association for Asian Studies}} [48] => * Tao, Jing-shen, ''The Jurchen in Twelfth-Century China''. University of Washington Press, 1976, {{ISBN|0-295-95514-7}}. [49] => * KISHI Toshihiko, MATSUSHIGE Mitsuhiro and MATSUMURA Fuminori eds, 20 Seiki Manshu Rekishi Jiten [Encyclopedia of 20th Century Manchuria History], Tokyo: Yoshikawa Kobunkan, 2012, {{ISBN|978-4642014694}} [50] => * {{cite book|title=Die Eroberung von Qinghai unter Berücksichtigung von Tibet und Khams 1717 – 1727: anhand der Throneingaben des Grossfeldherrn Nian Gengyao|first=Shuhui|last=Wu|volume=Volume 2 of Tunguso Sibirica|edition=reprint|year=1995|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|url=https://books.google.com/?id=zqVug_wN4hEC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=3447037563|access-date=10 March 2014| ref = }} [51] => * {{cite book|title=The Russo-Japanese War in Global Perspective: World War Zero, Volume 2|editor1-first=David|editor1-last=Wolff|editor2-first=John W.|editor2-last=Steinberg|volume=Volume 2 of The Russo-Japanese War in Global Perspective|year=2007|edition=illustrated|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-9004154162|url=https://books.google.com/?id=xlg0lM8f9Y4C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|access-date=1 April 2013| ref = {{harvid|Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|2006}} }} [52] => * {{cite journal | jstor = 20062627 | doi = 10.1177/0097700405282349 |url= http://mcx.sagepub.com/content/32/1/3.abstract |archive-date = 25 March 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140325231543/https://webspace.utexas.edu/hl4958/perspectives/Zhao%20-%20reinventing%20china.pdf |title= Reinventing China Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century| journal = Modern China |last1= Zhao|first1=Gang |volume= 32 | pages = 3–30 |number= 1 |date= January 2006|publisher= Sage Publications}} [53] => [54] => === Související články === [55] => * [[Mandžuská nížina]] [56] => [57] => === Externí odkazy === [58] => * {{Commonscat}} [59] => [60] => {{Autoritní data}} [61] => {{Portály|Geografie|Čína}} [62] => [63] => [[Kategorie:Mandžusko| ]] [64] => [[Kategorie:Geografie Číny]] [] => )
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Mandžusko

Historická mapa Mandžuska (červeně), Ruska (růžově), Japonska, Koreje a Mongolska Mandžusko (česky dříve častěji Mančurie či Mandžursko, zjednodušená čínština , tradiční čínština: , pchin-jin Mǎnzhōu) je historická oblast na severovýchodě Číny, případně i v přilehlé části Ruska, o rozloze kolem 1,5 milionu km². Na severu je ohraničeno subarktickou tajgou a na západě nehostinnou pouští Gobi.

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,'Čína','Korea','Mongolové','Číňané','Kitani','Severní Korea','Pektusan','Poslední císař','Severovýchodní Čína','kontinentální podnebí','Japonské císařství','Mandžukuo'

Čína

Číňané

Kitani

Korea

Mandžukuo

Mandžukuo je označení pro japonskou marionetní státní útvar v Číně, který existoval v letech 1932 až 1945.

Mongolové

Pektusan