Array ( [0] => 15420332 [id] => 15420332 [1] => cswiki [site] => cswiki [2] => Mamlúci [uri] => Mamlúci [3] => [img] => [4] => [day_avg] => [5] => [day_diff] => [6] => [day_last] => [7] => [day_prev_last] => [8] => [oai] => [9] => [is_good] => [10] => [object_type] => [11] => 0 [has_content] => 0 [12] => [oai_cs_optimisticky] => ) Array ( [0] => [[Soubor:Three Mamelukes with lances on horseback.jpg|náhled|240px|vpravo|[[Osmanská říše|Osmanští]] mamlúčtí [[kopí]]jníci na počátku [[16. století]]. [[Lept]] od [[Daniel Hopfer|Daniela Hopfera]] (circa 1526–1536), [[Britské muzeum]], Londýn{{cite web |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/P_1845-0809-1342 |title=Mamalucke (Mamelukes) |author= |date=2021 |website=www.britishmuseum.org |location=[[London]] |publisher=[[British Museum]] |access-date=3 March 2021}}]] [1] => [2] => '''Mamlúk''' ({{vjazyce2|ar|مملوك}} romanizováno: mamlūk ([[jednotné číslo]]), مماليك, mamālīk (množné číslo), přeloženo jako „ten, kdo je vlastněn“,{{cite web |url=https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/warrior-kings-look-history-mamluks |title=Warrior kings: A look at the history of the Mamluks |author=Oxford Business Group |work=The Report – Egypt 2012: The Guide |date=2012 |publisher=Oxford Business Group |pages=332–334 |access-date=1 March 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925104321/https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/warrior-kings-look-history-mamluks |archive-date=25 September 2020 |quote=The Mamluks, who descended from non-Arab slaves who were naturalised to serve and fight for ruling Arab dynasties, are revered as some of the greatest warriors the world has ever known. Although the word ''mamluk'' translates as "one who is owned", the Mamluk soldiers proved otherwise, gaining a powerful military standing in [[Muslim world|various Muslim societies]], particularly in [[Egypt]]. They would also go on to hold political power for several centuries during a period known as the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt]]. [...] Before the Mamluks rose to power, there was a [[History of slavery in the Muslim world|long history of slave soldiers in the Middle East]], with many recruited into Arab armies by the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid rulers]] of [[Baghdad]] in the ninth century. The tradition was continued by the dynasties that followed them, including the [[Fatimids]] and [[Ayyubids]] (it was the Fatimids who built the foundations of what is now Islamic [[Cairo]]). For centuries, the rulers of the Arab world recruited men from the lands of the [[Caucasus]] and [[Central Asia]]. It is hard to discern the precise ethnic background of the Mamluks, given that they came from a number of ethnically mixed regions, but most are thought to have been [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] (mainly [[Kipchaks|Kipchak]] and [[Cumans|Cuman]]) or [[Peoples of the Caucasus|from the Caucasus]] (predominantly [[Circassians|Circassian]], but also [[Armenians|Armenian]] and [[Georgians|Georgian]]). The Mamluks [[Conscription#Military slavery|were recruited forcibly to reinforce the armies]] of Arab rulers. As outsiders, they had no local loyalties, and would thus fight for whoever owned them, not unlike [[mercenaries]]. Furthermore, the Turks and Circassians had a ferocious reputation as warriors. The slaves were either purchased or abducted as boys, around the age of 13, and brought to the cities, most notably to Cairo and its [[Cairo Citadel|Citadel]]. Here [[Forced conversion#Islam|they would be converted to Islam]] and would be put through a rigorous military training regime that focused particularly on [[horsemanship]]. A code of behaviour not too dissimilar to that of the [[Medieval Europe|European knights]]' [[Code of Chivalry]] was also inculcated and was known as ''[[Furusiyya]]''. As in many military establishments to this day the authorities sought to instil an esprit de corps and a sense of duty among the young men. The Mamluks would have to live separately from the local populations in their garrisons, which included the Citadel and [[Rhoda Island]], also in Cairo.}} míněno „otrok“,{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Ayalon |author-first=David |author-link=David Ayalon |year=2012 |origyear=1991 |title=Mamlūk |editor1-last=Bosworth |editor1-first=C. E. |editor1-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor2-last=van Donzel |editor2-first=E. J. |editor2-link=Emeri Johannes van Donzel |editor3-last=Heinrichs |editor3-first=W. P. |editor3-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |editor4-last=Lewis |editor4-first=B. |editor4-link=Bernard Lewis |editor5-last=Pellat |editor5-first=Ch. |editor5-link=Charles Pellat |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam#2nd edition, EI2|Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition]] |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |volume=6 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0657 |isbn=978-90-04-08112-3}} také přepisováno jako Mameluk, mamluq, mamluk, mamluke, mameluke, mamaluke nebo marmeluke) je termín nejčastěji označující nearabské, etnicky různorodé (většinou [[Rusko|jihoruské]],{{citation|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/maml/hd_maml.htm|title=Mamluk Period|website=met museum.com}}{{citation|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/x23175|title=Mamluk dynasty|website=britishmuseum.com}} [[Turkické národy|turkické]], [[kavkaz]]ské, [[Východní Evropa|východoevropské]] a [[Jihovýchodní Evropa|jihovýchodoevropské]]) otrokářské vojáky a [[Propuštěnec|osvobozené otroky]], kteří byli přiděleni vojenské a administrativní povinnosti, sloužící vládnoucím arabským dynastiím v [[Islámský svět|muslimském světě]].{{cite book |last=Freamon |first=Bernard K. |year=2019 |chapter=The "Mamluk/Ghulam Phenomenon" — Slave Sultans, Soldiers, Eunuchs, and Concubines |editor-last=Freamon |editor-first=Bernard K. |title=Possessed by the Right Hand: The Problem of Slavery in Islamic Law and Muslim Cultures |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |series=Studies in Global Slavery |volume=8 |pages=219–244 |doi=10.1163/9789004398795_006 |isbn=978-90-04-36481-3 |s2cid=191690007 |quote=[[Ibn Khaldun]] argued that in the midst of the decadence that became the hallmark of the later [[Abbasid Caliphate]], providence restored the "glory and the unity" of the Islamic faith by sending the Mamluks: "loyal helpers, who were brought from the House of War to the House of Islam under the rule of slavery, which hides in itself a divine blessing." His expression of the idea that slavery, considered to be a degrading social condition to be avoided at all costs, might contain "a divine blessing", was the most articulate expression of [[Islamic views on slavery|Muslim thinking on slavery]] since the [[Early history of Islam|early days of Islam]]. Ibn Khaldun's general observation about the paradoxical nature of slavery brings to mind [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]]'s reflections on the subject some five hundred years later. The great philosopher observed that, in many instances, it is the slave who ultimately gains the independent consciousness and power to become the actual master of his or her owner. The Mamluk/Ghulam Phenomenon is a good historical example of this paradox.}}{{cite journal |last=Stowasser |first=Karl |date=1984 |title=Manners and Customs at the Mamluk Court |journal=[[Muqarnas (journal)|Muqarnas]] |volume=2 |issue=The Art of the Mamluks |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |pages=13–20 |doi=10.2307/1523052 |jstor=1523052 |issn=0732-2992 |s2cid=191377149 |quote=The Mamluk slave warriors, with an empire extending from [[Libya]] to the [[Euphrates]], from [[Cilicia]] to the [[Arabian Sea]] and the [[Sudan]], remained for the next two hundred years the most formidable power of the [[Eastern Mediterranean]] and the [[Indian Ocean]] – champions of [[Sunni orthodoxy]], guardians of [[Holiest sites in Islam|Islam's holy places]], their capital, Cairo, the seat of the Sunni caliph and a magnet for scholars, artists, and craftsmen uprooted by the [[Mongol invasions and conquests|Mongol upheaval in the East]] or drawn to it from all parts of the Muslim world by its wealth and prestige. Under their rule, Egypt passed through a period of prosperity and brilliance unparalleled since the days of the [[Ptolemies]]. [...] They ruled as a [[military]] [[aristocracy]], aloof and almost totally isolated from the native population, Muslim and non-Muslim alike, and their ranks had to be replenished in each generation through fresh imports of slaves from abroad. Only those who had grown up outside Muslim territory and who entered as slaves in the service either of the [[sultan]] himself or of one of the Mamluk [[emir]]s were eligible for membership and careers within their closed military caste. The offspring of Mamluks were free-born Muslims and hence excluded from the system: they became the ''awlād al-nās'', the "sons of respectable people", who either fulfilled scribal and administrative functions or served as commanders of the non-Mamluk ''ḥalqa'' troops. Some two thousand slaves were imported annually: [[Kipchaks|Qipchaq]], [[Azeris]], [[Uzbeks|Uzbec Turks]], [[Mongols]], [[Pannonian Avars|Avars]], [[Circassians]], [[Georgians]], [[Armenians]], [[Greeks]], [[Bulgars]], [[Albanians]], [[Serbs]], [[Hungarians]].}}{{cite book |last=Poliak |first=A. N. |orig-year=1942 |year=2005 |chapter=The Influence of C̱ẖingiz-Ḵẖān's Yāsa upon the General Organization of the Mamlūk State |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YVGdl09xAp4C&pg=PA27 |editor-last=Hawting |editor-first=Gerald R. |title=Muslims, Mongols, and Crusaders: An Anthology of Articles Published in the "Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies" |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |volume=10 |issue=4 |location=[[London]] and [[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Routledge]] |pages=27–41 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X0009008X |isbn=978-0-7007-1393-6 |jstor=609130 |s2cid=155480831}} [3] => [4] => Nejdéle trvající mamlúckou říší byla [[rytíř]]ská [[Vojenství|vojenská]] [[Sociální třída|třída]] ve [[středověk]]ém [[Egypt]]ě, která se vyvinula z řad otrokářských vojáků. Původně byli mamlúkové otroci [[Turkické národy|turkického původu]] z [[Eurasijská step|eurasijské stepi]],{{cite book |last=Isichei |first=Elizabeth |year=1997 |title=A History of African Societies to 1870 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofafrican00isic |url-access=registration |access-date=8 November 2008 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofafrican00isic/page/192 192]}}, ale instituce vojenského [[otroctví]] se rozšířila i na [[Čerkesové|Čerkesy]],{{cite book|last=McGregor|first=Andrew James|title=A Military History of Modern Egypt: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War|year=2006|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|isbn=978-0275986018|page=[https://archive.org/details/militaryhistoryo00andr/page/15 15]|quote=By the late fourteenth century Circassians from the north Caucasus region had become the majority in the Mamluk ranks.|url=https://archive.org/details/militaryhistoryo00andr/page/15}} [[Abchazové|Abcháze]],А.Ш.Кадырбаев, Сайф-ад-Дин Хайр-Бек – абхазский "король эмиров" Мамлюкского Египта (1517–1522), "Материалы первой международной научной конференции, посвященной 65-летию В.Г.Ардзинба". Сухум: АбИГИ, 2011, pp. 87–95Thomas Philipp, Ulrich Haarmann (eds), ''The Mamluks in Egyptian Politics and Society''. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp. 115–116.Jane Hathaway, ''The Politics of Households in Ottoman Egypt: The Rise of the Qazdaglis''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, pp. 103–104. [[Gruzíni|Gruzíny]],"Relations of the Georgian Mamluks of Egypt with Their Homeland in the Last Decades of the Eighteenth Century". Daniel Crecelius and Gotcha Djaparidze. ''Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient'', Vol. 45, No. 3 (2002), pp. 320–341. {{ISSN|0022-4995}}{{Google books|pCC4ffbOv_YC|page=19|Basra, the failed Gulf state: separatism and nationalism in southern Iraq}} By Reidar Visser{{cite journal|last=Hathaway|first=Jane|title=The Military Household in Ottoman Egypt|journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies|date=February 1995|volume=27|issue=1|pages=39–52|doi=10.1017/s0020743800061572|s2cid=62834455 }} [[Arméni|Armény]],Walker, Paul E. ''Exploring an Islamic Empire: Fatimid History and its Sources'' (London, I. B. Tauris, 2002) [[Rusové|Rusy]], a [[Maďaři|Maďary]], stejně jako na národy z [[Balkán]]u, jako [[Albánci]], [[Řekové]], a [[jižní Slované]]István Vásáry (2005) Cuman and Tatars, Cambridge University Press.T. Pavlidis, ''A Concise History of the Middle East'', Chapter 11: "Turks and Byzantine Decline". 2011 (viz [[Saqaliba]]). Také se rekrutovali z řad Egypťanů.Thomas Philipp & Ulrich Haarmann. ''The Mamluks in Egyptian Politics and Society''. „Fenomén Mamlúk/Ghulam“, jak [[David Ayalon]] nazval vytvoření specifické válečnické třídy{{cite book|first=David|last=Ayalon|author-link=David Ayalon|title=The Mamlūk military society|year=1979|publisher=Variorum Reprints|isbn=978-0-86078-049-6}}, měl velký politický význam; už pro jednu věc - vydržela téměř 1000 let, od 9. do 19. století. [5] => [6] => Postupem času se z mamlúků stala silná vojenská rytířská třída v různých muslimských společnostech, které ovládali arabští vládci. Zejména v [[Egypt]]ě, ale také v [[Levanta|Levantě]], [[Mezopotámie|Mezopotámii]] a [[Indie|Indii]] měli mamlukové politickou a vojenskou moc. V některých případech dosáhli hodnosti [[sultán]]a, zatímco v jiných drželi regionální moc jako [[emír]]ové nebo [[bej]]ové. Nejpozoruhodněji se mamlúcké frakce zmocnily sultanátu soustředěného na Egypt a [[Sýrie|Sýrii]] a ovládaly jej jako [[mamlúcký sultanát]] (1250–1517). Mamlucký sultanát slavně porazil [[Ílchanát]] v [[Bitva u Ajn Džálút|bitvě u Ajn Džálút]]. Dříve bojovali proti západoevropským křesťanským [[Křížové výpravy|křižákům]] v letech 1154–1169 a 1213–1221, čímž je fakticky vyhnali z Egypta a Levanty. V roce 1302 mamlúcký sultanát formálně vyhnal z Levanty poslední křižáky, čímž skončila éra [[Křížové výpravy|křížových výprav]].{{cite web|last=Asbridge|first=Thomas|title=The Crusades Episode 3|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b01bqy7r/The_Crusades_Victory_and_Defeat/|publisher=BBC|access-date=5 February 2012}} [7] => [8] => Zatímco mamlúkové byli zakoupeni jako majetek, jejich postavení stálo nad obyčejnými otroky, kteří nesměli nosit zbraně ani vykonávat určité úkoly. V místech, jako je Egypt, od dynastie [[Ajjúbovci|Ajjúbovců]] do dob [[Muhammad Alí Paša|Muhammada Alí Paši]] z Egypta, byli mamlukové považováni za „opravdové pány“ a „opravdové válečníky“, se sociálním postavením nad běžnou populací v Egyptě a Levantě. V jistém smyslu byli jako zotročení [[Žoldnéř|žoldáci]].Behrens-Abouseif, Doris. ''Cairo of the Mamluks: A History of Architecture and Its Culture''. New York: Macmillan, 2008. [9] => [10] => == Odkazy == [11] => __BEZOBSAHU__ [12] => === Reference === [13] => [14] => [15] => === Související články === [16] => * [[Křížové výpravy]] [17] => * [[Janičáři]] [18] => * [[Turkopolové]] [19] => * [[Saqaliba]] [20] => * [[Arabský obchod s otroky]] [21] => [22] => === Externí odkazy === [23] => * {{Commonscat}} [24] => {{Autoritní data}} [25] => [26] => [[Kategorie:Mamlúci| ]] [] => )
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Mamlúci

Daniela Hopfera (circa 1526-1536), Britské muzeum, Londýn Mamlúk ( romanizováno: mamlūk (jednotné číslo), مماليك, mamālīk (množné číslo), přeloženo jako „ten, kdo je vlastněn“, míněno „otrok“, také přepisováno jako Mameluk, mamluq, mamluk, mamluke, mameluke, mamaluke nebo marmeluke) je termín nejčastěji označující nearabské, etnicky různorodé (většinou jihoruské, turkické, kavkazské, východoevropské a jihovýchodoevropské) otrokářské vojáky a osvobozené otroky, kteří byli přiděleni vojenské a administrativní povinnosti, sloužící vládnoucím arabským dynastiím v muslimském světě. Nejdéle trvající mamlúckou říší byla rytířská vojenská třída ve středověkém Egyptě, která se vyvinula z řad otrokářských vojáků.

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